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<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>ProFTPD module mod_sql_passwd</title> </head> <body bgcolor=white> <hr> <center> <h2><b>ProFTPD module <code>mod_sql_passwd</code></b></h2> </center> <hr><br> <p> Many FTP sites use SQL databases for storing user accounts, including the user name and password. And while the <code>mod_sql</code> module provides support for some formats for the passwords stored in SQL databases, many sites have other formats which are <i>not</i> supported by <code>mod_sql</code>. These other formats often include MD5 or SHA1 passwords, base64-encoded or hex-encoded, <i>without</i> the prefix which is required by <code>mod_sql</code>'s "OpenSSL" <code>SQLAuthType</code>. <p> The <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> module provides support for some of these other formats. When the <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> module is enabled, you can configure <code>SQLAuthTypes</code> of: <ul> <li>Argon2 <li>MD5 <li>PBKDF2 <li>Scrypt <li>SHA1 <li>SHA256 <li>SHA512 </ul> as well as the existing types supported by <code>mod_sql</code>. <p> This module is contained in the <code>mod_sql_passwd.c</code> file for ProFTPD 1.3.<i>x</i>, and is not compiled by default. Installation instructions are discussed <a href="#Installation">here</a>; a discussion on <a href="#Usage">usage</a> is also available. <p> This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.openssl.org/). <p> This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com). <p> The most current version of <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> is distributed with ProFTPD. <h2>Author</h2> <p> Please contact TJ Saunders <tj <i>at</i> castaglia.org> with any questions, concerns, or suggestions regarding this module. <h2>Directives</h2> <ul> <li><a href="#SQLPasswordArgon2">SQLPasswordArgon2</a> <li><a href="#SQLPasswordCost">SQLPasswordCost</a> <li><a href="#SQLPasswordEncoding">SQLPasswordEncoding</a> <li><a href="#SQLPasswordEngine">SQLPasswordEngine</a> <li><a href="#SQLPasswordOptions">SQLPasswordOptions</a> <li><a href="#SQLPasswordPBKDF2">SQLPasswordPBKDF2</a> <li><a href="#SQLPasswordRounds">SQLPasswordRounds</a> <li><a href="#SQLPasswordSaltEncoding">SQLPasswordSaltEncoding</a> <li><a href="#SQLPasswordSaltFile">SQLPasswordSaltFile</a> <li><a href="#SQLPasswordScrypt">SQLPasswordScrypt</a> <li><a href="#SQLPasswordUserSalt">SQLPasswordUserSalt</a> </ul> <hr> <h3><a name="SQLPasswordArgon2">SQLPasswordArgon2</a></h3> <strong>Syntax:</strong> SQLPasswordArgon2 <em>length</em><br> <strong>Default:</strong> <em>32</em><br> <strong>Context:</strong> server config, <code><VirtualHost></code>, <code><Global></code><br> <strong>Module:</strong> mod_sql_passwd<br> <strong>Compatibility:</strong> 1.3.6rc5 and later <p> The <code>SQLPasswordArgon2</code> directive configures the <em>length</em> of the calculated Argon2 output hash <em>in bytes</em>. The default length is 32 bytes. <hr> <h3><a name="SQLPasswordCost">SQLPasswordCost</a></h3> <strong>Syntax:</strong> SQLPasswordCost <em>interactive|sensitive</em><br> <strong>Default:</strong> <em>interactive</em><br> <strong>Context:</strong> server config, <code><VirtualHost></code>, <code><Global></code><br> <strong>Module:</strong> mod_sql_passwd<br> <strong>Compatibility:</strong> 1.3.6rc3 and later <p> The <code>SQLPasswordCost</code> directive configures the high-level <em>cost</em> settings to use for memory-hard algorithms like <code>scrypt</code> and <code>argon2</code>. The supported <em>cost</em> cost values are: <ul> <li>interactive <p> This <em>cost</em> uses parameters where generating the value is part of an "interactive" session. <p> For <code>scrypt</code>, depending on the version of <code>libsodium</code> used, this <em>cost</em> uses: <pre> N=16384, r=8, p=1 </pre> </li> <p> <li>sensitive <p> This <em>cost</em> uses parameters where the value generated is considered very "sensitive". <p> For <code>scrypt</code>, depending on the version of <code>libsodium</code> used, this <em>cost</em> uses: <pre> N=1048576, r=8, p=1 </pre> </li> </ul> <hr> <h3><a name="SQLPasswordEncoding">SQLPasswordEncoding</a></h3> <strong>Syntax:</strong> SQLPasswordEncoding <em>encoding</em><br> <strong>Default:</strong> <em>hex</em><br> <strong>Context:</strong> server config, <code><VirtualHost></code>, <code><Global></code><br> <strong>Module:</strong> mod_sql_passwd<br> <strong>Compatibility:</strong> 1.3.3rc2 and later <p> The <code>SQLPasswordEncoding</code> directive configures the encoding that <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> expects when handling password values retrieved from a SQL database. <p> The following <em>encoding</em> values are currently supported: <ul> <li>base64 <li>hex (<i>for lowercase hex values</i>) <li>HEX (<i>for uppercase hex values</i>) </ul> <p> If no <code>SQLPasswordEncoding</code> directive is configured, <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> will use "hex" by default. <hr> <h3><a name="SQLPasswordEngine">SQLPasswordEngine</a></h3> <strong>Syntax:</strong> SQLPasswordEngine <em>on|off</em><br> <strong>Default:</strong> <em>off</em><br> <strong>Context:</strong> server config, <code><VirtualHost></code>, <code><Global></code><br> <strong>Module:</strong> mod_sql_passwd<br> <strong>Compatibility:</strong> 1.3.3rc2 and later <p> The <code>SQLPasswordEngine</code> directive enables or disables the module's registered <code>SQLAuthType</code> handlers. <hr> <h3><a name="SQLPasswordOptions">SQLPasswordOptions</a></h3> <strong>Syntax:</strong> SQLPasswordOptions <em>opts</em><br> <strong>Default:</strong> None<br> <strong>Context:</strong> server config, <code><VirtualHost></code>, <code><Global></code><br> <strong>Module:</strong> mod_sql_passwd<br> <strong>Compatibility:</strong> 1.3.4rc2 and later <p> The <code>SQLPasswordOptions</code> directive is used to configure various behaviors of <code>mod_sql_passwd</code>. <b>Note</b>: all of the configured <code>SQLPasswordOptions</code> parameters <b>must</b> appear on the same line in the configuration; only the first <code>SQLPassworOptions</code> directive that appears in the configuration is used. <p> Example: <pre> SQLPasswordOptions HashEncodeSalt HashEncodePassword </pre> <p> The following <em>options</em> are currently supported: <ul> <li><code>HashPassword</code> <li><code>HashEncodePassword</code> <li><code>HashSalt</code> <li><code>HashEncodeSalt</code> </ul> <p> See the <a href="#Transformations">transformations</a> section for a fuller description of how <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> operates on the password and salt data. <hr> <h3><a name="SQLPasswordPBKDF2">SQLPasswordPBKDF2</a></h3> <strong>Syntax:</strong> SQLPasswordPBKDF2 <em>digest</em> <em>iterations</em> <em>length</em><br> <strong>Default:</strong> None<br> <strong>Context:</strong> server config, <code><VirtualHost></code>, <code><Global></code><br> <strong>Module:</strong> mod_sql_passwd<br> <strong>Compatibility:</strong> 1.3.5rc3 and later <p> The <code>SQLPasswordPBKDF2</code> directive configures the input parameters to be used for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2">PBKDF2</a> (Password-Based Key Derivation Function, version 2) passwords. The <em>digest</em> parameter specifies the digest algorithm to use (<i>e.g.</i> "sha1" or "sha512"); the <em>iterations</em> specifies the number of iterations to use for the key derivation, and <em>length</em> indicates the number of bytes to emit for the derived key. <p> <b>Note</b> that PBKDF2 <b>requires</b> that a salt be available, <i>e.g.</i> via <a href="#SQLPasswordSaltFile"><code>SQLPasswordSaltFile</code></a> or <a href="#SQLPasswordUserSalt"><code>SQLPasswordUserSalt</code></a>. <p> Per <a href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2898.html">RFC 2898</a>, the salt used should be 8 bytes or longer in length; this RFC also recommends that <em>iterations</em> be 1000 or greater. <p> Example: <pre> # Tell mod_sql to use PBKDF2 passwords SQLAuthTypes pbkdf2 ... # Use the SHA1 digest algorithm, 200K iterations, and expect an output # length of 20 bytes. SQLPasswordPBKDF2 sha1 200000 20 SQLPasswordSaltFile /path/to/salt/file </pre> <p> Use of <em>digest</em> algorithms other than SHA1 for <code>SQLPasswordPBKDF2</code> requires OpenSSL-1.0.0c or later; earlier versions did not have the necessary APIs. <p> As of <code>proftpd-1.3.5</code>, the <code>SQLPasswordPBKDF2</code> directive can instead take a named query, for determining the digest algorithm, iteration count, and output length <i>on a per-user basis</i>. For example: <pre> SQLNamedQuery get-user-pbkdf2 SELECT "algo, iter, len FROM user_pbkdf2 WHERE user = '%{0}' SQLPasswordPBKDF2 sql:/get-user-pbkdf2 </pre> <hr> <h3><a name="SQLPasswordRounds">SQLPasswordRounds</a></h3> <strong>Syntax:</strong> SQLPasswordRounds <em>count</em><br> <strong>Default:</strong> <em>1</em><br> <strong>Context:</strong> server config, <code><VirtualHost></code>, <code><Global></code><br> <strong>Module:</strong> mod_sql_passwd<br> <strong>Compatibility:</strong> 1.3.4rc2 and later <p> The <code>SQLPasswordRounds</code> directive configures the number of rounds through which the password (and possibly salt) data will be hashed and encoded. The <em>count</em> parameter must be greater than 1. <p> See the <a href="#Transformations">transformations</a> section for a fuller description of how <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> operates on the password and salt data. <hr> <h3><a name="SQLPasswordSaltEncoding">SQLPasswordSaltEncoding</a></h3> <strong>Syntax:</strong> SQLPasswordSaltEncoding <em>encoding</em><br> <strong>Default:</strong> <em>none</em><br> <strong>Context:</strong> server config, <code><VirtualHost></code>, <code><Global></code><br> <strong>Module:</strong> mod_sql_passwd<br> <strong>Compatibility:</strong> 1.3.6rc1 and later <p> The <code>SQLPasswordSaltEncoding</code> directive configures the encoding that <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> expects when handling <b><i>salt</i></b> values retrieved either from a SQL database, <i>or</i> from a file. <p> The following <em>encoding</em> values are currently supported: <ul> <li>base64 <li>hex (<i>for lowercase hex values</i>) <li>HEX (<i>for uppercase hex values</i>) <li>none (use salt value as is) </ul> <p> If no <code>SQLPasswordSaltEncoding</code> directive is configured, <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> will use "none" by default. <hr> <h3><a name="SQLPasswordSaltFile">SQLPasswordSaltFile</a></h3> <strong>Syntax:</strong> SQLPasswordSaltFile <em>path|"none" ["Prepend"|"Append"]</em><br> <strong>Default:</strong> <em>none</em><br> <strong>Context:</strong> server config, <code><VirtualHost></code>, <code><Global></code><br> <strong>Module:</strong> mod_sql_passwd<br> <strong>Compatibility:</strong> 1.3.3rc2 and later <p> The <code>SQLPasswordSaltFile</code> directive configures a file which contains salt data. This salt will be added to the digest, along with the password sent by the client. Note that the salt will be used for all users. <p> Since many editors will automatically add a newline when writing a file, the <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> file will automatically trim the last newline in the salt data, if there is one. This means that if your salt <b>must</b> end in a newline character, then your <code>SQLPasswordSaltFile</code> must contain "<i>salt</i>\n\n". <p> When using salted passwords, some systems will <i>prepend</i> the salt as a prefix to the data, and others will <i>append</i> the salt as a suffix. The optional second parameter to <code>SQLPasswordSaltFile</code> controls how this module will use the salt: <pre> SQLPasswordSaltFile /path/to/salt Prepend </pre> tells <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> to prepend the salt as a prefix, and: <pre> SQLPasswordSaltFile /path/to/salt Append </pre> will cause the salt to be appended as a sufix. <b>Note</b> that the default behavior is to <i>append</i> the salt as a suffix. <p> If no <code>SQLPasswordSaltFile</code> is configured, then no salting is done. <hr> <h3><a name="SQLPasswordScrypt">SQLPasswordScrypt</a></h3> <strong>Syntax:</strong> SQLPasswordScrypt <em>length</em><br> <strong>Default:</strong> <em>32</em><br> <strong>Context:</strong> server config, <code><VirtualHost></code>, <code><Global></code><br> <strong>Module:</strong> mod_sql_passwd<br> <strong>Compatibility:</strong> 1.3.6rc5 and later <p> The <code>SQLPasswordScrypt</code> directive configures the <em>length</em> of the calculated Scrypt output hash <em>in bytes</em>. The default length is 32 bytes. <hr> <h3><a name="SQLPasswordUserSalt">SQLPasswordUserSalt</a></h3> <strong>Syntax:</strong> SQLPasswordUserSalt <em>"name"|source ["Prepend"|"Append"]</em><br> <strong>Default:</strong> <em>none</em><br> <strong>Context:</strong> server config, <code><VirtualHost></code>, <code><Global></code><br> <strong>Module:</strong> mod_sql_passwd<br> <strong>Compatibility:</strong> 1.3.3 and later <p> The <code>SQLPasswordUserSalt</code> directive configures a per-user salt that will be added to the digest, along with the password sent by the client. <p> If <em>"name"</em> is specified, then the per-user salt data will be the name of the user logging in. Alternatively, you can configure a <code>SQLNamedQuery</code> which returns a single column of a single row, containing a string to use as the salt data, <i>e.g.</i>: <pre> SQLNamedQuery get-user-salt SELECT "salt FROM user_salts WHERE user_name = '%{0}'" SQLPasswordUserSalt sql:/get-user-salt </pre> <p> When using salted passwords, some systems will <i>prepend</i> the salt as a prefix to the data, and others will <i>append</i> the salt as a suffix. The optional second parameter to <code>SQLPasswordUserSalt</code> controls how this module will use the salt: <pre> SQLPasswordUserSalt name Prepend SQLPasswordUserSalt sql:/get-user-salt Prepend </pre> tells <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> to prepend the salt as a prefix, and: <pre> SQLPasswordUserSalt name Append SQLPasswordUserSalt sql:/get-user-salt Append </pre> will cause the salt to be appended as a sufix. <b>Note</b> that the default behavior is to <i>append</i> the salt as a suffix. <hr> <h2><a name="Installation">Installation</a></h2> The <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> module is distributed with ProFTPD. Simply follow the normal steps for using third-party modules in proftpd. The <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> module requires OpenSSL support, so you <b>must</b> use the <code>--enable-openssl</code> configuration option. In addition, if you have the <code>libsodium</code> library installed, simply include the <code>libsodium</code> headers/libraries in the build command to enable additional algorithms. <p> <b>NOTE</b>: it is <b>important</b> that <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> appear <i>after</i> <code>mod_sql</code> in your <code>--with-modules</code> configure option: <pre> $ ./configure --enable-openssl --with-modules=mod_sql:mod_sql_passwd ... </pre> To build <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> as a DSO module: <pre> $ ./configure --enable-dso --enable-openssl --with-shared=mod_sql_passwd </pre> Then follow the usual steps: <pre> $ make $ make install </pre> <p> For those with an existing ProFTPD installation, you can use the <code>prxs</code> tool to add <code>mod_sql_passwd</code>, as a DSO module, to your existing server: <pre> $ prxs -c -i -d mod_sql_passwd.c </pre> <hr> <h2><a name="Usage">Usage</a></h2> <p> The following examples demonstrate how the <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> can be used. <p> To configure <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> to handle MD5 passwords that are base64-encoded, use: <pre> <IfModule mod_sql_passwd.c> SQLPasswordEngine on SQLPasswordEncoding base64 </IfModule> <IfModule mod_sql.c> ... # Now that mod_sql_passwd is used, we can configure "MD5" as an # SQLAuthType that mod_sql will handle. SQLAuthTypes MD5 </IfModule> </pre> <p> To have <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> to handle hex-encoded (<i>and</i> in lowercase) passwords, use: <pre> <IfModule mod_sql_passwd.c> SQLPasswordEngine on SQLPasswordEncoding hex </IfModule> </pre> <p> And if for some reason your database values are stored as hex values in uppercase, you would use: <pre> <IfModule mod_sql_passwd.c> SQLPasswordEngine on SQLPasswordEncoding HEX </IfModule> </pre> <p> To use salted passwords, write the salt to use into a file, and configure the <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> module to use it: <pre> <IfModule mod_sql_passwd.c> SQLPasswordEngine on SQLPasswordEncoding hex SQLPasswordSaltFile /path/to/salt </IfModule> </pre> <p><a name="SQLPasswordSodium"> <b>Argon2, Scrypt</b><br> When <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> is compiled/linked with the <a href="https://github.com/jedisct1/libsodium"><code>libsodium</code></a> library, then the Argon2 and Scrypt algorithms become available for use: <pre> <IfModule mod_sql_passwd.c> SQLPasswordEngine on SQLPasswordEncoding hex SQLPasswordSaltFile /path/to/salt </IfModule> <IfModule mod_sql.c> ... # Now that mod_sql_passwd is used, we can configure "SCRYPT" as an # SQLAuthType that mod_sql will handle. SQLAuthTypes SCRYPT </IfModule> </pre> <p> The <code>scrypt</code> algorithm <b>requires</b> 32 bytes of salt data; lack of salt, or salt of the wrong amount, will result in authentication failure. The <code>argon2</code> algorithm <b>requires</b> 16 bytes of salt data; lack of salt or the wrong amount will result in failure. <p> The <code>argon2</code> algorithm requires <code>libsodium-1.0.9</code> or later. <p> <b>Logging</b><br> The <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> module supports <a href="../howto/Tracing.html">trace logging</a>, via the module-specific log channels: <ul> <li>sql.passwd </ul> Thus for trace logging, to aid in debugging, you would use the following in your <code>proftpd.conf</code>: <pre> TraceLog /path/to/ftpd/trace.log Trace sql.passwd:20 </pre> This trace logging can generate large files; it is intended for debugging use only, and should be removed from any production configuration. <p><a name="Transformations"> <b>Processing of Password and Salt Data</b><br> The logical description of the processing that <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> does can be expressed as: <pre> ENCODE(HASH(<i>data</i>)) </pre> where <em>data</em> is comprised of the password, and possibly a salt. The function <code>ENCODE()</code> is determined by <a href="#SQLPasswordEncoding"><code>SQLPasswordEncoding</code></a>, and the function <code>HASH()</code> by <code>SQLAuthTypes</code>. <p> Thus if we use a configuration like: <pre> SQLAuthTypes MD5 SQLPasswordEncoding hex </pre> Then <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> performs the following processing: <pre> hex(MD5(<i>data</i>)) </pre> in order to calculate the value that it will compare against the password value stored for the authenticating client. <p> <b><i>Using Salts</i></b><br> By default, the <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> module uses the password, as sent by the client, as the <i>data</i> on which to perform its processing. In many cases, however, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(cryptography)"><i>salt</i></a> is needed in addition to the password. The <a href="#SQLPasswordSaltFile"><code>SQLPasswordSaltFile</code></a> and <a href="#SQLPasswordUserSalt"><code>SQLPasswordUserSalt</code></a> directives are used to tell <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> that it should add a <i>salt</i> to the data before processing it. These directives also specify whether the salt should be <i>prepended</i> to the password, <i>e.g.</i>: <pre> <i>data</i> = <i>salt</i> + <i>password</i> </pre> or <i>appended</i> to the password, <i>e.g.</i>: <pre> <i>data</i> = <i>password</i> + <i>salt</i> </pre> <p> Let's show a configuration which uses a prepended salt: <pre> SQLAuthTypes MD5 SQLPasswordEncoding hex SQLPasswordSaltFile /path/to/salt.data Prepend </pre> This means that <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> would end up checking the following computed value against the value in the database: <pre> hex(MD5(<i>salt</i> + <i>password</i>)) </pre> <p> Some sites will have even more complex requirements for how the <i>data</i> processed by <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> need to be constructed. The salt data may need to be hashed before being used with the password, or may need to be hashed <i>and</i> encoded before use. Or maybe the password data needs to be hashed before use with the salt, or hashed <i>and</i> encoded. The <a href="#SQLPasswordOptions"><code>SQLPasswordOptions</code></a> directive supports options for supporting these use cases. <p> Each of the following examples assumes the following configuration: <pre> SQLAuthTypes MD5 SQLPasswordEncoding hex SQLPasswordSaltFile /path/to/salt.data Prepend </pre> Let's look at each of the <code>SQLPasswordOptions</code> in turn: <ul> <li><code>HashPassword</code> <p> This option says that <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> should use the <code>HASH()</code> function on the password data before using it, regardless of whether a salt is used or not. <i>I.e.</i>: <pre> <i>data</i> = <i>salt</i> + HASH(<i>password</i>) </pre> which assuming hex and MD5, means: <pre> <i>data</i> = <i>salt</i> + MD5(<i>password</i>) </pre> </li> <p> <li><code>HashSalt</code> <p> This option says that <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> should use the <code>HASH()</code> function on the salt data before using it. If no salt is used, this option is silently ignored. Thus: <pre> <i>data</i> = HASH(<i>salt</i>) + <i>password</i> </pre> which assuming hex and MD5, means: <pre> <i>data</i> = MD5(<i>salt</i>) + <i>password</i> </pre> </li> <p> <li><code>HashEncodePassword</code> <p> This option says that <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> should use the <code>HASH()</code> function and then the <code>ENCODE()</code> function on the password data before using it. This option is <i>only</i> useful when salts are also used. Thus: <pre> <i>data</i> = <i>salt</i> + ENCODE(HASH(<i>password</i>)) </pre> which assuming hex and MD5, means: <pre> <i>data</i> = <i>salt</i> + hex(MD5(<i>password</i>)) </pre> <b>Note</b>: If no salt is present, this option will be ignored. Without a salt, this option is equivalent to adding another round of transformation, which is not an obvious side effect. </li> <p> <li><code>HashEncodeSalt</code> <p> This option says that <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> should use the <code>HASH()</code> function and then the <code>ENCODE()</code> function on the salt data before using it. If no salt is used, this option is silently ignored. Thus: <pre> <i>data</i> = ENCODE(HASH(<i>salt</i>)) + <i>password</i> </pre> which assuming hex and MD5, means: <pre> <i>data</i> = hex(MD5(<i>salt</i>)) + <i>password</i> </pre> </li> </ul> <p> Of course, these various options can be combined: <pre> SQLPasswordOptions HashEncodePassword HashEncodeSalt </pre> which would cause the data on which <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> operates to be constructed like so: <pre> <i>data</i> = ENCODE(HASH(<i>salt</i>)) + ENCODE(HASH(<i>password</i>)) <i>data</i> = hex(MD5(<i>salt</i>)) + hex(MD5(<i>password</i>)) </pre> <p> <b><i>Rounds</i></b><br> For convenience, let's assume that the function <code>TRANSFORM</code> encompasses the entire <code>ENCODE(HASH())</code> operation: <pre> TRANSFORM(<i>data</i>) = ENCODE(HASH(<i>data</i>)) </pre> Let's also assume that passwords are stored in your database using something like this: <pre> hex(MD5(hex(MD5(hex(MD5(<i>data</i>)))))) </pre> That means that the <i>data</i> value has gone through multiple <i>rounds</i> of the <code>TRANSFORM</code> function, <i>e.g.</i>: <pre> TRANSFORM(TRANSFORM(TRANSFORM(<i>data</i>))) </pre> In this case, there are 3 rounds of transformation: <pre> for (<i>i</i> = 0; <i>i</i> < <i>nrounds</i>; <i>i</i>++) { <i>data</i> = TRANSFORM(<i>data</i>) } </pre> <p> Using the above example case, you would configure <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> to perform multiple rounds of transformation using the <a href="#SQLPasswordRounds"><code>SQLPasswordRounds</code></a> directive, like so: <pre> SQLAuthTypes MD5 SQLPasswordEncoding hex SQLPasswordRounds 3 </pre> The combination of <code>SQLPasswordOptions</code> and <code>SQLPasswordRounds</code> means that quite few combinations of password values can be supported by the <code>mod_sql_passwd</code> module. <p> <hr> <font size=2><b><i> © Copyright 2009-2017 TJ Saunders<br> All Rights Reserved<br> </i></b></font> <hr> </body> </html>